The simplest way to distinguish between a goalbased agent and a utilitybased agent is that a goal is specifically defined, where maximization of utility is general (Maximizing utility is itself a form of goal, but generalized as opposed to specific) A goalbased navigation agent is tasked with getting from point A to point B If the agent succeeds, the goal has beenActuators ironment Actions Goal Based Agents Plan aheadUtilityBased Agents These agents are almost like the goalbased agent but provide an additional component of utility measurement which makes them different by providing a measure of success at a given state Utilitybased agent act based not only goals but also the simplest thanks to achieving the goal
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Goal based agent vs utility based agent
Goal based agent vs utility based agent-Agentbased design Regular programs are procedural First, check to see how much is in the bank account Debit the account by X dollars Return message indicating transaction complete Agentbased designs are reactive Perceive something, react a certain way Similar to GUIbased programming Flow comes from outside environmentSubscribe Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach, Utility Based Agent, Types of Agent, Goal based Agent, Simple Reflex Mode
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Utilitybased agents Artificial Intelligence a modern approach 26 Goals are not always enough Many action sequences get taxi to destination Consider other things How fast, how safe A utility function maps a state onto a real number which describes the associated degree of happinessRational Agents •An agent should strive to do the right thing, based on what it can perceive and the actions it can perform The right action is the one that will cause the agent to be most successful •Performance measure An objective criterion for success of an agent's behavior •Eg, performance measure of a vacuumcleaner agentModelbased Reflex Agent Goal and Utilitybased Agents Evaluating Agents Intelligent, Autonomous Agents Agent Anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment Perception done through sensors Acting upon that environment through actuators Human agent Eyes, ears, and other organs for sensors Hands, legs, mouth, and other body parts for
Agent vs Environment An agent is an entity that perceives and acts A rational agentselects Agent Sensors En v Percepts actions that maximize its utility function Characteristics of the percepts, environment, and action space dictate techniques for selecting rational actions?Utilitybased agent Explanation Utilitybased agent uses an extra component of utility that provides a measure of success at a given state It decides that how efficient that state to achieve the goal, which specifies the happiness of the agentA utility based agent would be best suited for this particular case The utility function of a utility based agent would allow it to make rational decisions in this scenario The expected utility would play an important role in maximizing the agent's performance
The goalbased agent's behavior can easily be changed Utilitybased agents The agents which are developed having their end uses asPlease Like Share &( points) Develop a PEAS description of the task environment for the following a Robot soccer player b Internet bookshopping agent (40 points) For each of the following assertions, say whether it is true or false and support our answer with examples or
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Explanation Correct answer 2 Meeting the preference of the user The utilitybased agent focuses more on the utilities and preferences of the user to satisfy the user's needs This property of this agent differentiates it from the other types of AI agents 4) Which of the following does not represent a Goal basedQ1 Write pseudocode agent programs for the goalbased and utilitybased agents The following exercises all concern the implementation of environments and agents for the vacuumcleaner world Answer Goalbased agent program function GOALBASEDAGENT(percept) returns an action persistent state, the agent's current conception of the world• Modelbased Reflex agents –Pengamatdenganresponyangcepat/segera –Memilikiinternalmemory • Goalbased agent (agents with goals) –Bertindakuntukmencapaigoal • Utilitybased agents –Memaksimalkanfungsikegunaannya(utility) • Learning Agents –Autonomy –Learning ConditionAction Rules What action I should do now What world
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Reflex, goalbased, or utilitybased) Give a detailed explanation and justification of your choice The patterns which the agent uses are matched against sets of events that occur over time Therefore, the agent needs to maintain knowledge of the past, and, thus, cannot be either a table lookup or simple reflex agentUtility Based agent A utility function maps each state after each action to a real number representing how efficiently each action achieves the goal This is useful when we either have many actions all solving the same goal or when we have many goals that can be satisfied and we need to choose an action to perform• An agent program maps from a percept to an action • There are a variety of designs – Reflex agents respond immediately to percepts – Goalbased agents work towards goals – Utilitybased agents try to maximize their reward – Learning agents improve their behavior over time • Some environments are more demanding than others
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Utilitybased • Agent membutuhkan tujuan untuk mengetahui situasi mana yang diharapkan – Akan menjadi sulit ketika urutan yang panjang dari tindakantindakan (actions) dibutuhkan untuk mencari tujuan • Typically investigated in search and planning researchA goalbased agent has an agenda, you might say It operates based on a goal in front of it and makes decisions based on how best toGoalbased agents only distinguish between goal states and nongoal states It is also possible to define a measure of how desirable a particular state is This measure can be obtained through the use of a utility function which maps a state to a measure of the utility of the state
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They do this by keeping track of the part of the world it can see now It does this by keeping an internal state that depends on what it has seen before so it holds information on the unobserved aspects of the current stateUtilitybased agents the agent is aware of a utility function that estimates how close the current state is to the agent's goal Learning Agents Agents capable of acquiring new competence through observations and actions Components learning element (modifies the performance element) performance element (selects actions) feedback element (critic) exploration elementA simplereflex agent selects actions based on the agent's current perception of the world and not based on past perceptions It can handle a full observation environment A modelbasedreflex agent is designed to deal with partial accessibility They do this by keeping track of the part of the world it can see now
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Unlike the previous reflex agents before acting this agent reviews many actions and chooses the one which come closest to achieving its goals, whereas the reflex agents just have an automated response for certain situations Although the goalbased agent does a lot more work that the reflex agent this makes it much more flexible because the• Goalbased agent Goalbased agents are modelbased agents which sorts goal information that describes situations • Utilitybased agent This is an agent that uses an explicit utility function that maximizes the expected utility • Learning agent This is an agent that improves its behavior based on its experiences and learning• An agent program maps from a percepts to actions • There are a variety of designs – Reflex agents respond immediately to percepts – Goalbased agents work towards goals – Utilitybased agents try to maximize their reward – Learning agents improve their behavior over time
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Modelbased agent an agent that updates its internal model of current world state over time and acts according to this internal state Goalbased agent an agent that acts in order to achieve or maximize its designated goals Utilitybased agent an agent that acts in order to maximize the expected utility of the new state after its actionModel based reflex agents Modelbased reflex agents are made to deal with partial accessibility;All of the above Answer &
Chapter 2 Intelligent Agents Chapter 2 Intelligent Agents
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Goalbased agents It is not sufficient to have the current state information unless the goal is not decided Therefore, a goalbased agent selects a way among multiple possibilities that helps it to reach its goal Note With the help of searching and planning (subfields of AI), it becomes easy for the Goalbased agent to reach its destination Utilitybased agents TheseThe agents which are developed having their end uses as building blocks are called utilitybased agents When there are multiple possible alternatives, then to decide which one is best, utilitybased agents are used Sometimes achieving the desired goal is not enough We may look for a quicker, safer, cheaper trip to reach a destination• Goalbased • Utilitybased Agent Definition • Any entity that perceivesits environment through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors • Examples (class discussion) human, robotic, softwareagents
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Goalbased agents Utilitybased agents Learning agents Intelligent Agents Chapter 2 Outline Agents and environments Rationality PEAS (Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, Sensors) Environment types Agent types Agents An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environmentGoal based agents usually less efficient but more flexible than reflexbased agents A goal basedagent can suit itself based on the environment For example, a goalbased agent can adapt its behavior based on the sensor data 4 UtilityBased AgentsUtilitybased agents 1)Utilitybased agent act based not only goals but also the best way to achieve the goal 2) The utility function maps each state to a real number to check how efficiently each action achieves the goals 3) Deals with happy and unhappy
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A simplex reflex agent takes actions based on current situational experiences For example, if you set your smart bulb to turn on at some given time, let's say at 9 pm, the bulb won't recognize how the time is longer simply because that's the rule defined it followsAn agent's ________ is an internalization of performance measure utility function Utility based agents try to maximize their own expected happiness 1 When there are conflicting goals, only some of which can be achieved, the utility function specifies the appropriate tradeoff 2Agent types 1 goalbased 2 utilitybased 3 learning Agent types;
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Utilitybased agents Goals alone are not really enough to generate highquality behavior in most environments For example, there are many action sequences that will get the taxi to its destination (thereby achieving the goal) but some are quicker, safer, more reliable, or cheaper than othersDifferent types of agents in ai learning, goal &In this regard, the utilitybased agent is a step above the goalbased agent UtilityBased Agent Characteristics Prior to utilitybased agents, intelligent agents have had only one goal clean
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The agent is given a goal and hence the agent can now modify it's other aspects as necessary in order to achieve the goal 4 Utility based agents A utility funcions maps a state to a real number, so now the agent can actually obtain a measurement of how successful itGoalbased agents only distinguish between goal states and nongoal states It is possible to define a measure of how desirable a particular state is This measure can be obtained through the use of a utility function which maps a state to a measure of the utility of the stateWell Goal Based agents will use information about what they know and their current state to see if they have accomplished what they wanted to or not however that alone is not enough, you also need a utility based agent to the performance of accomplishing the goal
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Transcribed image text (10 points) What is the difference between a goalbased agent and a utilitybased agent?A utility based agent has many advantages in terms of f lexibility and learning (eg in the case of conflicti ng goals a nd cases when there exist sev eral goals ) L e a r n in g Agents
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